What is the difference between Selenium 3 and Selenium 4?
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1. W3C WebDriver Standard Compliance
Selenium 3:
Communicated using the JSON Wire Protocol (for older browsers).
This sometimes caused compatibility issues between browsers and drivers.
Selenium 4:
Fully W3C WebDriver Protocol compliant.
Direct communication with browsers → faster execution and fewer compatibility issues.
2. Relative Locators (Friendly Locators)
Selenium 3: No built-in way to find elements relative to others.
Selenium 4:
New Relative Locators like:
above()
below()
toLeftOf()
toRightOf()
near()
Makes locating elements easier and code more readable.
3. Better Window & Tab Management
Selenium 3:
Could open multiple windows/tabs but limited control APIs.
Selenium 4:
New switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB) and WindowType.WINDOW methods to open and directly switch to tabs/windows.
4. Native Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP) Support
Selenium 3: No direct integration with Chrome DevTools.
Selenium 4:
Direct CDP integration:
Capture network requests
Simulate geolocation
Emulate devices
Capture console logs
5. Full Page Screenshot
Selenium 3: Could only take visible viewport screenshots.
Selenium 4:
getFullPageScreenshotAs() method for full-page screenshots (Firefox supported, others improving).
6. Improved Waits (Better driver.manage().timeouts())
Selenium 3:
Slightly verbose timeouts and waits management.
Selenium 4:
Cleaner API for implicit/explicit waits and timeouts.
7. Enhanced Actions API
Selenium 3:
Supported basic Actions API.
Selenium 4:
Richer API for complex gestures (multi-touch, wheel actions, key combos) with better chaining.
8. Deprecations & Removals
DesiredCapabilities → replaced with Options classes for each browser (e.g., ChromeOptions, FirefoxOptions).
JSON Wire Protocol-related code is now gone.
Read More:
What is the role of the WebDriverManager in Java Selenium projects?
What is the best way to start Selenium learning?
Can I learn Selenium without knowing Java?
What are the prerequisites to learn Selenium?
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