How to manage browser windows and tabs?

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 1. Selenium (Java/Python)

Selenium assigns each window/tab a Window Handle. You can switch using getWindowHandles() and switchTo().window().

Java Example:

driver.get("https://example.com");

// Save parent window
String parentWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();

// Click link that opens a new tab
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Open Tab")).click();

// Get all open windows
Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();

for (String window : allWindows) {
    if (!window.equals(parentWindow)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(window);  // Switch to new tab
        System.out.println("New Tab Title: " + driver.getTitle());
        driver.close(); // Close new tab
    }
}

// Switch back to parent
driver.switchTo().window(parentWindow);

Python Example:

driver.get("https://example.com")
parent = driver.current_window_handle

driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Open Tab").click()
windows = driver.window_handles

for w in windows:
    if w != parent:
        driver.switch_to.window(w)
        print(driver.title)
        driver.close()

driver.switch_to.window(parent)

 2. Cypress

Cypress runs in a single browser tab (by design).
👉 Workaround: force links to open in the same tab.

cy.get('a[target="_blank"]').invoke('removeAttr', 'target').click()

 3. Playwright

Playwright handles tabs as pages.

const [newPage] = await Promise.all([
  context.waitForEvent('page'),   // Wait for new tab
  page.click('a[target="_blank"]') // Click that opens it
])
await newPage.bringToFront();
console.log(await newPage.title());

Read More:
How to launch Chrome browser using WebDriver?
What is the difference between Selenium 3 and Selenium 4?
What is XPath in Selenium?
What is the role of the WebDriverManager in Java Selenium projects?
What is the best way to start Selenium learning?
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