How to manage browser windows and tabs?

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 1. Selenium (Java/Python)

Selenium assigns each window/tab a Window Handle. You can switch using getWindowHandles() and switchTo().window().

Java Example:

driver.get("https://example.com"); // Save parent window String parentWindow = driver.getWindowHandle(); // Click link that opens a new tab driver.findElement(By.linkText("Open Tab")).click(); // Get all open windows Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles(); for (String window : allWindows) { if (!window.equals(parentWindow)) { driver.switchTo().window(window); // Switch to new tab System.out.println("New Tab Title: " + driver.getTitle()); driver.close(); // Close new tab } } // Switch back to parent driver.switchTo().window(parentWindow);

Python Example:

driver.get("https://example.com") parent = driver.current_window_handle driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Open Tab").click() windows = driver.window_handles for w in windows: if w != parent: driver.switch_to.window(w) print(driver.title) driver.close() driver.switch_to.window(parent)

 2. Cypress

Cypress runs in a single browser tab (by design).
👉 Workaround: force links to open in the same tab.

cy.get('a[target="_blank"]').invoke('removeAttr', 'target').click()

 3. Playwright

Playwright handles tabs as pages.

const [newPage] = await Promise.all([ context.waitForEvent('page'), // Wait for new tab page.click('a[target="_blank"]') // Click that opens it ]) await newPage.bringToFront(); console.log(await newPage.title());

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